Bacteria or Virus? How to Tell What’s Making You Sick
28 Feb 2025
7 mins
Bacteria or Virus? How to Tell What’s Making You SickEver had a sore throat that just wouldn’t quit? Or maybe a nasty skin infection that made you Google symptoms like a detective on a case? Yep, we’ve all been there. Bacterial infections are a common part of life—some are mild and annoying, while others can be downright dangerous if left untreated.   But don’t worry! We’re here to break it all down for you—what bacterial infections are, how to spot them, and most importantly, how to treat them. No complicated medical jargon, just clear, relatable info to keep you informed (and hopefully, a little entertained).   WHAT EXACTLY IS A BACTERIAL INFECTION?   A bacterial infection happens when harmful bacteria enter your body and multiply, causing illness. Unlike viruses (which hijack your cells), bacteria are living organisms that can thrive on their own. Some are harmless—even helpful (hello, gut bacteria!)—but others? Not so friendly.   Bacterial infections can affect just about any part of the body—your skin, throat, stomach, nails, eyes, you name it. Some go away on their own, while others need a little help from antibiotics.   HOW DO YOU KNOW IF IT’S A BACTERIAL INFECTION?   Bacterial infection symptoms can vary depending on where the infection is, but there are some telltale signs:   * Fever – Your body is trying to fight off the bacteria, and raising your temperature is one way it does that. * Fatigue – Feeling drained? Your immune system is working overtime. * Pain & Swelling – Whether it’s a sore throat, a swollen wound, or an achy stomach, inflammation is a big red flag. * Pus or Discharge – (Yep, gross but important.) If you notice yellow or greenish pus from a wound or infection site, bacteria are likely to blame. * Redness & Warmth – Skin infections, in particular, cause redness, tenderness, and a warm sensation. * Persistent Symptoms – Viral infections [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/viral-infections] (like colds) tend to clear up within a week. If your symptoms are sticking around or getting worse, it could be bacterial.   WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF BACTERIAL INFECTIONS?   Bacteria don’t discriminate—they can infect any part of your body. Here are some of the most common examples of bacterial infections:   1. BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS   Think boils, impetigo, or cellulitis. These are caused by bacteria sneaking into cuts, scrapes, or hair follicles. If you see redness, swelling, or oozing pus, you might be dealing with a bacterial skin infection.     2. BACTERIAL THROAT INFECTIONS   Ever had strep throat? That’s a bacterial throat infection! It comes with a fiery sore throat, trouble swallowing, and sometimes white spots on your tonsils.     3. BACTERIAL SINUS INFECTION   Your sinuses feel like they’re stuffed with cement? If your congestion lasts more than 10 days and you’re dealing with thick, yellow mucus, you might have a bacterial sinus infection.     4. BACTERIAL EYE INFECTIONS   Red, itchy, and crusty eyes? Bacterial conjunctivitis [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/all-you-need-to-know-about-conjunctivitis] (aka pink eye) might be the culprit. It’s contagious, so wash your hands and avoid touching your face.     5. VAGINAL BACTERIAL INFECTIONS   Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is a common condition where the natural balance of bacteria in the vagina is thrown off. Symptoms include unusual discharge and a fishy odour, but don’t panic—it’s easily treatable.     6. BACTERIAL NAIL INFECTIONS   Pain, swelling, and pus around the nail? That could be a bacterial nail infection, often caused by biting nails or frequent exposure to water.     7. BACTERIAL INFECTION IN STOMACH   Food poisoning from bacteria like Salmonella or E. coli can hit hard, leading to nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, and stomach cramps. It’s unpleasant, but most cases resolve on their own with rest and hydration.     8. ORAL BACTERIAL INFECTIONS   Got swollen, bleeding gums? That could be a bacterial gum infection like gingivitis or periodontitis, which can lead to tooth loss if ignored.   WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN A VIRAL AND BACTERIAL INFECTION?   This one confuses a lot of people! While both can make you feel miserable, there are key differences:   FeatureBacterial InfectionViral InfectionCaused byBacteria (living organisms)Viruses (non-living, need a host)TreatmentOften needs antibioticsUsually clears up on its ownDurationCan last longer if untreatedUsually resolves in 7-10 daysExamplesStrep throat, UTIs [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/nephrology/home-remedies-urinary-tract-infection], food poisoningFlu, common cold [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/cold-symptoms], COVID-19 [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/covid-19]   HOW ARE BACTERIAL INFECTIONS TREATED?   1. ANTIBIOTICS FOR BACTERIAL INFECTIONS   Antibiotics [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/antibacterials] are the go-to treatment for bacterial infections, but they only work if the infection is actually bacterial. Taking them for a viral infection won’t help (and can make bacteria more resistant in the future).     2. HOME REMEDIES & SELF-CARE   * Rest – Your body needs energy to fight off the infection. * Hydration – Drink plenty of water to flush out toxins. * Warm Compress – For skin infections, a warm compress can help reduce swelling and pain. * Salt Water Gargle – If you’ve got a bacterial throat infection, gargling with warm salt water can ease symptoms.     3. OVER-THE-COUNTER RELIEF   While antibiotics are the main treatment for bacterial infections, over-the-counter (OTC) medications can help relieve symptoms and support recovery.   1. Pain relievers like ibuprofen (Advil) or acetaminophen (paracetamol [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/paracetamol]) can help reduce fever, pain, and inflammation. These are especially useful for bacterial throat infections, sinus infections, and bacterial skin infections.   2. Antihistamines and decongestants can ease nasal congestion caused by bacterial sinus infections, making it easier to breathe. Look for products containing pseudoephedrine or diphenhydramine.   3. Hydrocortisone creams and antiseptic ointments can soothe irritation and promote healing in bacterial skin infections. Spreading a light layer over the affected areas can help reduce itching, redness, and discomfort.   4. Saltwater gargles and throat lozenges can help relieve the pain of a bacterial throat infection by soothing inflammation and keeping the throat moist.   5. Probiotics [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/antibiotics-vs-probiotics-effect-on-gut] can help restore gut health, especially after taking antibiotics, which sometimes disrupt beneficial bacteria in the digestive system.     WHAT IS THE STRONGEST ANTIBIOTIC FOR BACTERIAL INFECTIONS?   Not all antibiotics are created equal. The type of antibiotic you need depends on the infection and how severe it is. Doctors usually prescribe the mildest effective option first, but in serious cases, they might use stronger antibiotics.   Important: Never take antibiotics without a doctor’s prescription, and always finish the full course—even if you feel better! Stopping early can allow bacteria to survive and become resistant.   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS)   1. How do you prevent bacterial infections?   The best way to prevent bacterial infections is by practising good hygiene. Frequently wash your hands with soap, particularly before meals or after touching shared surfaces. Ensure wounds are properly cleaned and covered to block bacteria from entering the body. Avoid close contact with people who have contagious bacterial infections, and maintain a strong immune system with healthy foods exercise, and adequate sleep. If you frequently get infections, consider talking to a doctor about additional prevention methods, such as vaccines for certain bacterial diseases.     2. Can bacterial infections go away on their own?   Some mild bacterial infections, like minor skin infections or mild food poisoning, can clear up on their own as the immune system fights them off. However, more serious infections, like strep throat or bacterial sinus infections, may require antibiotics to prevent complications. If symptoms persist, worsen, or include high fever, difficulty breathing, or severe pain, it’s best to see a doctor. Leaving a bacterial infection untreated can sometimes lead to more severe conditions, such as sepsis or the infection spreading to other parts of the body.      3. Are bacterial infections contagious?   Yes, many bacterial infections can spread from person to person, especially through direct contact, respiratory droplets (coughing, sneezing), or contaminated surfaces. For example, bacterial throat infections like strep throat and bacterial eye infections like conjunctivitis (pink eye) are highly contagious. To lower the risk of spreading or catching an infection, wash your hands frequently, avoid sharing personal items like towels or utensils, and cover your mouth when sneezing or coughing. If you have a contagious bacterial infection, staying home until you’re no longer infectious can help protect others.     4. Can probiotics help prevent bacterial infections?   Probiotics, found in fermented foods like yoghurt, kimchi, and kombucha, as well as in supplements, can help sustain a proper balance of beneficial bacteria in your gut. A strong gut microbiome can improve digestion, boost immunity, and reduce the risk of bacterial infections, particularly in the stomach and intestines. Some research suggests that probiotics may help prevent antibiotic-associated infections, such as Clostridium difficile (C. diff) infections, by replenishing good bacteria in the gut. While probiotics are beneficial, they should not replace antibiotics when medical treatment is necessary. If you’re considering probiotics, talk to a healthcare professional about the best option for you.     5. What happens if a bacterial infection is left untreated?   If left untreated, bacterial infections may worsen and extend to different areas of the body. For example, an untreated bacterial throat infection could lead to complications like rheumatic fever, while an untreated skin infection could spread deeper and cause cellulitis or even sepsis. Certain infections, such as bacterial pneumonia or urinary tract infections, can become life-threatening if ignored. The severity depends on the type of bacteria and the individual’s immune response. Seeking timely medical treatment, whether through antibiotics or home care, can prevent serious complications.   FINAL THOUGHTS   Bacterial infections are common, but with the right knowledge, you can spot them early and get the right treatment. Whether it’s a sore throat, a sinus infection, or something more serious, knowing the symptoms and when to seek help makes all the difference.   Stay healthy, wash your hands, and when in doubt - see a doctor!   READ ALSO   1.  Blood infections - Types, Signs, Symptoms & Treatment [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/haematology/blood-infections-types] 2. Home Remedies for Urinary Tract Infections [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/nephrology/home-remedies-urinary-tract-infection] 3. Top 4 Treatments For Fungal Infections Of Skin [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/fungal-infections/best-fungal-infection-treatment]     REFERENCES   1. https://www.cdc.gov/antimicrobial-resistance/data-research/facts-stats/index.html [https://www.cdc.gov/antimicrobial-resistance/data-research/facts-stats/index.html] 2. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antimicrobial-resistance] 3. https://www.who.int/news/item/09-12-2022-report-signals-increasing-resistance-to-antibiotics-in-bacterial-infections-in-humans-and-need-for-better-data [https://www.who.int/news/item/09-12-2022-report-signals-increasing-resistance-to-antibiotics-in-bacterial-infections-in-humans-and-need-for-better-data] 4. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9027052/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9027052/] 5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149789/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7149789/] 6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8541462/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8541462/] 7. https://www.mdpi.com/journal/life/topical_collections/bacterial [https://www.mdpi.com/journal/life/topical_collections/bacterial]
Dr. Vijayalakshmi
A Complete Guide on Deep Vein Thrombosis
26 Feb 2025
8 Mins
Understanding Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): Symptoms, Causes, and RisksBlood clots can be a silent, yet dangerous threat to your health, especially when they form deep within the veins of your legs. Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is one such condition that can lead to life-threatening complications if not treated promptly. The objective of this blog is to unravel the mystery behind DVT—its causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and the best treatment options available.    Also, we’ll explore expert recommendations on the most effective treatments to fight blood clots and protect your health. Read on to discover everything you need to know about this serious condition!   WHAT IS DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS (DVT)?   Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a condition where a blood clot forms in a deep vein, usually in the legs. It can lead to serious complications if the clot breaks free and travels to the lungs, causing a pulmonary embolism. Key points about DVT:   * Commonly occurs in the legs but can affect other deep veins. * Risk factors include prolonged immobility, surgery, and certain medical conditions. * Symptoms may include swelling, pain, and redness in the affected area. * It can lead to life-threatening complications if untreated, such as pulmonary embolism. * Preventive measures include staying active, wearing compression stockings, and staying hydrated.   WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS?   Deep Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood clot forms in one of the deep veins, usually in the leg. A study [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10438400/] indicated that in India, the incidence of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) following major orthopaedic surgeries is notably high. Studies have shown that 22.6% of patients who underwent total hip replacement and 48.6% of those who had knee replacement surgery developed DVT.   Several factors can contribute to the development of a blood clot in the leg, leading to the formation of DVT. The primary DVT causes, and DVT risk factors include:   1. Prolonged immobility: Sitting or lying down for extended periods, such as during long flights or bed rest, slows blood flow and increases the risk of clot formation.   2. Injury to veins: Traumatic injury to the leg or surgery can damage veins, making blood clotting more likely.   3. Medical conditions: Conditions like cancer [https://cancerlibrary.mrmed.in/], heart disease [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/heart-care/six-most-common-heart-diseases], and inflammatory bowel disease can increase the likelihood of clot formation.   4. Hormonal factors: Hormonal treatments, such as birth control pills or hormone replacement therapy, can raise the risk of developing blood clots in the legs.   5. Genetics: Some people have a genetic predisposition to clotting disorders, making them more susceptible to recurrent DVT episodes.   6. Obesity: Excess weight [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/obesity-symptoms-side-effects] puts additional pressure on the veins, impairing blood circulation and contributing to DVT development.   These risk factors increase the chance of getting blood clot formation and can lead to serious complications, such as pulmonary embolism (PE), where the clot travels to the lungs.   WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS?   The symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) are often subtle and can go unseen, especially in the early stages. However, recognising the signs of deep vein thrombosis is important for timely intervention. The common Deep Vein Thrombosis symptoms include:   * Swelling in the leg: Swelling, especially in one leg, is one of the hallmark signs of DVT. * Pain or tenderness: A feeling of pain or tenderness in the affected leg, often accompanied by warmth, may occur. * Red or discoloured skin: The skin may appear reddish or bluish, particularly in the area where the clot has formed. * Swollen veins: The veins in the affected leg may become more visible or engorged.   It's important to note that not everyone with DVT experiences all these symptoms. In some cases, DVT may be present with no symptoms, making it harder to diagnose without medical intervention.   WHAT ARE THE DIAGNOSES FOR DVT?   Diagnosing Deep Vein Thrombosis typically involves a combination of physical examination, medical history, and diagnostic tests. A doctor will likely perform the following:   1. Ultrasound: The most common and effective method for Deep vein thrombosis diagnosis, an ultrasound uses sound waves to detect the presence of a blood clot.   2. D-dimer test: This blood test measures the level of D-dimer, a substance released when a blood clot breaks up. Elevated levels of D-dimer may suggest the presence of DVT.   3. CT or MRI scan: In some cases, especially when DVT is suspected in other parts of the body, a CT or MRI scan may be used for further evaluation.   Early diagnosis is important, as untreated DVT can result in dangerous complications like a pulmonary embolism or long-term damage to the veins in the leg. So, if you suspect DVT, it is important to seek medical attention ASAP for proper evaluation and treatment.   WHAT ARE THE AVAILABLE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR DVT?   Treating Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) involves a careful, multi-pronged approach to stop the clot from getting bigger and to minimise the risk of serious complications. The main focus is not only to treat the existing blood clots but also to prevent new ones from forming.    Treatment options for DVT include medications and non-invasive interventions to help with recovery and prevent further complications. Here's a list of common Deep vein thrombosis treatment options and their possible side effects:   Treatment Option Description Side effects Blood Thinners (Anticoagulants [https://www.mrmed.in/condition/anticoagulants])The most common Deep vein thrombosis medications include heparin [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/heparin], warfarin, and newer oral anticoagulants like rivaroxaban [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/rivaroxaban] and apixaban [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/apixaban]. These prevent the clot from growing and forming new ones.Increased risk of bleeding, bruising, gastrointestinal issues, or allergic reactions.ThrombolyticsThrombolytics, also known as clot-busting drugs, are used in severe cases of DVT to dissolve blood clots. Common examples include Alteplase [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/alteplase] (tPA), Reteplase [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/reteplase], and Tenecteplase [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/tenecteplase]. These DVT medications are typically used under close medical supervision due to the risk of bleeding.Bleeding, including internal bleeding, allergic reactions, or low blood pressure [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/hypertension/low-blood-pressure-causes-effects-heart].Compression StockingsSpecial stockings are worn to improve blood flow and reduce swelling in the affected leg.Skin irritation, discomfort, or restricted blood flow if improperly fitted.Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) FilterA device is inserted in patients who cannot take blood thinners to prevent clots from reaching the lungs and causing a pulmonary embolism.Infection [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/haematology/blood-infections-types], blood clots around the filter, damage to the vein, or filter dislodgement.Surgical Removal of ClotIn severe cases where other treatments are ineffective, surgery may be performed to physically remove the clot from the vein.Infection, bleeding, vein damage, and risk of anaesthesia complications.   WHEN TO SEE A DOCTOR FOR DVT?   If you experience any signs of deep vein thrombosis (DVT), it’s essential to seek medical attention immediately. DVT is a medical emergency, and delaying treatment can lead to serious complications like pulmonary embolism.   You should see a doctor if:   * You notice unexplained leg swelling, pain, or tenderness. * You have a history of blood clots or recent surgery. * You have been immobile for extended periods, such as after a long flight or bed rest. * You experience redness or warmth in the affected leg. * You are aware of any known DVT risk factors.   Early diagnosis and treatment can effectively manage DVT and prevent life-threatening outcomes.   EXPERT’S OPINION ABOUT DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS:   Dr Jyoti B. Sharma [https://www.fortishealthcare.com/doctors/dr-jyoti-bala-sharma-1767], senior consultant at Fortis Hospital in Noida, said, "Sitting for a long period of time everyday may cause this disease. People taking long flights are often diagnosed with DVT."   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS   1. What are effective methods for preventing blood clots and deep vein thrombosis?   Preventing blood clots involves staying active, avoiding long periods of immobility, and maintaining a healthy weight. Deep vein thrombosis prevention includes using compression stockings, taking prescribed medications, and performing leg exercises to improve circulation, especially during long flights or bed rest.   2. What is the pathophysiology of deep vein thrombosis leg and its treatment?   Deep vein thrombosis leg occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, typically in the lower leg. The deep vein thrombosis pathophysiology involves blood stasis, endothelial injury, and hypercoagulability, which lead to clot formation. Blood clot in leg treatment includes blood thinners, clot-dissolving medications, and sometimes compression therapy to prevent complications like pulmonary embolism.   3. Which vitamin helps in blood clotting?   Vitamin K plays a crucial role in blood clotting by activating proteins that help stop bleeding. It is essential for maintaining proper blood coagulation.   4. How to remove blood clots in the brain without surgery?   Blood clots in the brain may be treated with medications like blood thinners or clot-dissolving drugs. Doctors may recommend monitoring and supportive care to manage symptoms. Non-surgical treatments depend on the clot's size and location.   5. What is the difference between deep vein thrombosis and varicose veins?   Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leg occurs when a blood clot forms in a deep vein, leading to swelling and pain. Varicose veins are enlarged, twisted veins near the skin's surface, usually without clotting. Deep vein thrombosis causes include prolonged immobility, while varicose veins are caused by weakened vein walls.   WRAPPING UP   Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT) is a serious condition that requires prompt treatment. Understanding its causes, symptoms, and risk factors helps with prevention and timely care. Blood thinners are essential in managing clots and reducing complications. Consult a doctor if you suspect DVT for proper diagnosis and treatment.   "Sitting is the new smoking, so stay active to reduce your risk."   REFERENCES    1. Waheed SM, Kudaravalli P, Hotwagner DT. Deep Vein Thrombosis. [Updated 2023 Jan 19]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507708/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507708/] 2. McLendon K, Goyal A, Attia M. Deep Venous Thrombosis Risk Factors. [Updated 2023 Mar 17]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470215/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470215/] 3. Stone J, Hangge P, Albadawi H, Wallace A, Shamoun F, Knuttien MG, Naidu S, Oklu R. Deep vein thrombosis: pathogenesis, diagnosis, and medical management. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5778510/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5778510/] 4. Beckman MG, Hooper WC, Critchley SE, Ortel TL. Venous thromboembolism: a public health concern. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20331949/ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20331949/]
Dr. Vijayalakshmi
11 Common Questions Cancer Patients Ask
25 Feb 2025
8 mins
11 Common Questions Cancer Patients AskA cancer diagnosis brings a whirlwind of emotions and a million questions. And while the internet is overflowing with cancer questions and answers, it’s not always clear, relatable, or even accurate. So, we’re cutting through the noise and answering the most common questions about cancer—honestly, simply, and with real insights.    If you’ve ever found yourself searching for cancer patient FAQs, you’re not alone. Whether you're a patient, a caregiver [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/self-care-for-cancer-caregivers], or just someone trying to understand this complex disease, here’s what you need to know.   1. WHAT ARE THE SIDE EFFECTS OF CHEMOTHERAPY?   Cancer treatment like chemotherapy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/understanding-chemotherapy-in-cancer-care] is a powerful treatment, but let’s not sugarcoat it—it can come with side effects. The most common ones include:   * Fatigue: This isn’t just “feeling tired.” It’s a deep, bone-crushing exhaustion that doesn’t always go away with rest. * Nausea and Vomiting: Not everyone experiences this, but about 70-80% of cancer patients do. Thankfully, anti-nausea meds have come a long way. * Hair Loss: This depends on the type of cancer treatment. Some cause full hair loss [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cancer-therapy-hair-loss], while others just thin things out. * Weakened Immune System: Chemotherapy can lower white blood cell counts, making you more prone to infections. * Neuropathy (Nerve Damage [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/nerve-disorders/nerve-pain-damage]): Tingling, numbness, or pain in hands and feet can be a lingering side effect.   Pro Tip: Stay ahead of nausea by taking prescribed meds before you feel sick, and if fatigue is hitting hard, listen to your body—rest is medicine, too.   2. HOW TO MANAGE PAIN AFTER CANCER SURGERY?   Surgery is often necessary in cancer treatment, but post-op pain can be challenging. Here’s how to manage it effectively:   * Medication: Your doctor will likely prescribe pain meds. Take them as directed, but don’t hesitate to ask about non-opioid options if you're concerned about dependency. * Physical Therapy: Movement helps in recovery, even if it’s just slow walks. * Cold & Heat Therapy: Ice packs can help reduce swelling, while heat can ease stiffness. * Mind-Body Techniques: Meditation, guided imagery, and even acupuncture have shown promising results in managing post-surgical pain.   Quick Fact: Studies show that 40-60% of cancer patients experience some form of pain post-surgery, but proper pain management can drastically improve recovery.   3. CAN CANCER BE PREVENTED?   While not all cancers are preventable, many lifestyle choices can lower your risk of cancer diagnosis:   * No Smoking: Tobacco use is linked to 30% of all cancer deaths. * Healthy Diet: A plant-based diet rich in fruits, veggies, and whole grains can lower cancer risks. * Exercise Regularly: Just 30 minutes a day can make a big difference. * Limit Alcohol: Excessive drinking has been linked to several types of cancers. * Sun Protection: Skin cancer [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/sunscreen-prevent-skin-cancer] is the most common cancer in the U.S., and it’s largely preventable with proper SPF use.   Did You Know? The American Cancer Society estimates that at least 42% of cancer cases could be prevented with lifestyle changes. That’s huge!   4. WHAT ROLE DOES NUTRITION PLAY IN CANCER TREATMENT?   Food is fuel, but during cancer treatment, it’s also medicine. Research indicates that an overall healthy dietary pattern can lower cancer risk by 10–20% [https://nutritionsource.hsph.harvard.edu/cancer/preventing-cancer/?utm_source=chatgpt.com]. Proper cancer nutrition [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/nutrition-cancer-diet] can:   * Boost Energy Levels (which can be drained from chemo and radiation) * Help Maintain a Healthy Weight (some treatments cause weight loss, others lead to gain) * Support the Immune System (which takes a hit during treatment) * Improve Tolerance to Treatment (well-nourished patients often handle side effects better)   Best Foods for Cancer Patients:   * Leafy Greens, Berries, Nuts, and Whole Grains: These foods are packed with antioxidants and fiber, which help reduce inflammation and support overall health. * Lean Proteins (Fish, Chicken, Plant-Based Proteins): Essential for muscle maintenance and immune function, these proteins provide the necessary building blocks for tissue repair. * Hydration is Key: Adequate fluid intake, through water, herbal teas, and electrolyte drinks, is vital for bodily functions and helps manage treatment side effects.   What to Avoid? Processed foods, excessive sugar, alcohol, and anything that makes you feel worse.   5. HOW DOES CANCER AFFECT MENTAL HEALTH?   Cancer and mental health go hand in hand. Coping with cancer isn’t just a physical battle—it’s an emotional rollercoaster. Anxiety, depression [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/mental-wellness/anxiety-depression-india], and PTSD are common among cancer patients and survivors.   How to Cope:   * Talk It Out: Therapy or support groups can be life-changing. * Stay Active: Exercise releases endorphins, which help combat depression. * Mindfulness & Meditation: Science-backed ways to manage stress and improve resilience. * Medication: In some cases, antidepressants or anti-anxiety meds can be beneficial.   According to the National Cancer Institute, about 1 in 3 cancer patients experience significant mental health struggles. It’s okay to ask for help!   6. WHAT HAPPENS AFTER TREATMENT?   So, you’ve finished treatment—now what? Cancer survivorship is about monitoring your health, staying on top of check-ups, and adjusting to a “new normal.”   * Follow-Up Care: Regular screenings [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/best-time-for-cancer-screening] to catch any recurrence early. * Lifestyle Adjustments: Many survivors focus on healthier habits post-treatment. * Emotional Healing: Processing what you’ve been through is just as important as physical recovery.   Survivor Insight: Many survivors say they gain a new perspective on life after cancer. It’s a tough road, but resilience is the common thread among those who thrive post-treatment.   7. WHAT RESOURCES ARE AVAILABLE FOR CANCER PATIENTS?   No one should navigate cancer diagnosis alone. In India, there are many cancer resources available, including financial aid, counselling, and medical support.   * Indian Cancer Society [https://www.indiancancersociety.org/] – Offers financial assistance, early detection programs, and rehabilitation support. * Cancer Patients Aid Association [https://cancer.org.in/] – Provides financial help, counselling, and medical aid for underprivileged patients. * Tata Memorial Hospital [https://tmc.gov.in/] – One of India’s top cancer treatment centres with affordable and free treatment programs. * National Cancer Grid [https://www.ncgindia.org/]  – A network of cancer centres ensuring affordable and high-quality treatment across India. * V Care Foundation [https://vcarecancer.org/] – Offers emotional and psychological support for patients and families. * YouWeCan Foundation [https://youwecan.org/] – Founded by Yuvraj Singh, this organisation provides awareness programs, screenings, and financial aid.   8. HOW DOES CANCER AFFECT RELATIONSHIPS AND FAMILY?   Coping with cancer can strain relationships as roles shift and emotions run high. Partners may struggle with caregiving duties, and friendships may change as people react differently. Open communication, patience, and seeking professional counselling can help families navigate these challenges together.   9. WHAT ARE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CANCER TREATMENTS?   Beyond chemotherapy, cancer treatments include:   * Radiation Therapy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cancer-treatment-using-radiation-therapy]: Uses high-energy rays to target cancer cells. * Immunotherapy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cancer-immunotherapy]: Boosts the body’s immune system to fight cancer. * Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific genes or proteins in cancer cells. * Hormone Therapy: Used for hormone-sensitive cancers like breast and prostate cancer. * Surgery: Removes tumours and affected tissues.   10. WHAT ARE THE EARLY WARNING SIGNS OF CANCER?   Recognising early warning signs of cancer can lead to timely diagnosis and better treatment outcomes. While symptoms may vary depending on the type of cancer, some common signs to watch for include:   * Unexplained Weight Loss – Losing more than 5% of body weight in less than six months without changes in diet or exercise may indicate an underlying health issue, including cancer. * Persistent Fatigue – Extreme tiredness lasting over six weeks with no clear cause should be evaluated, as it may be linked to blood cancers like leukaemia or other malignancies. * Lumps or Unusual Swelling – Any persistent lump or swelling in the breast, neck, groin, or underarms that does not go away should be checked by a doctor. * Chronic Pain – Long-lasting pain, especially in the bones, back, or joints, without injury or explanation, could signal an underlying cancer. * Unusual Bleeding or Skin Changes – Persistent coughing with blood, blood in stool or urine, or abnormal moles that change shape, size, or colour should not be ignored.   11. WHAT ARE THE TOP 5 CANCER DIAGNOSIS?   The most commonly diagnosed cancers worldwide include breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer, prostate cancer, and stomach cancer. These cancers account for a significant portion of global cancer cases and vary in risk factors, symptoms, and treatment options.   1. Breast Cancer – This is the most frequently diagnosed cancer, especially among women. It develops in the breast tissues and can be influenced by genetic, hormonal, and lifestyle factors. Early detection through mammograms improves survival rates. 2. Lung Cancer – Primarily caused by smoking and exposure to harmful pollutants, lung cancer is one of the deadliest cancers. It often remains undetected until advanced stages, making early screening crucial for high-risk individuals. 3. Colorectal Cancer – This cancer affects the colon or rectum and is often linked to diet, genetics, and inflammatory bowel diseases. Regular screenings like colonoscopies help in early detection and prevention. 4. Prostate Cancer – Common in older men, prostate cancer develops in the prostate gland and may progress slowly. PSA (Prostate-Specific Antigen) tests are used for early detection. 5. Stomach Cancer – Often linked to Helicobacter pylori infection, diet, and smoking, stomach cancer can be aggressive. Symptoms like indigestion, weight loss, and bloating may indicate its presence.   Early detection, lifestyle changes, and appropriate treatment can improve outcomes for these cancers.   FINAL THOUGHTS   Whether you’re dealing with cancer diagnosis, cancer prevention, cancer survivorship, or cancer treatment, the most important thing is to take it one step at a time. Keep asking questions, lean on cancer resources, and know that you are not alone.   REFERENCES   1. https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/treatment-types/chemotherapy/chemotherapy-side-effects.html [https://www.cancer.org/cancer/managing-cancer/treatment-types/chemotherapy/chemotherapy-side-effects.html] 2. https://www.cdc.gov/cancer-survivors/patients/side-effects-of-treatment.html [https://www.cdc.gov/cancer-survivors/patients/side-effects-of-treatment.html] 3. https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/7-lifestyle-tips-to-reduce-your-cancer-risk/2024/02 [https://health.ucdavis.edu/blog/cultivating-health/7-lifestyle-tips-to-reduce-your-cancer-risk/2024/02] 4. https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/can-cancer-be-prevented-0 [https://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/can-cancer-be-prevented-0] 5. https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chemotherapy/ [https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/chemotherapy/] 6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC538507/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC538507/]
Dr. Vijayalakshmi
Tips to Avoid Chickenpox This Spring
24 Feb 2025
8 Mins
10 Essential Tips to Prevent Spring Chicken Pox OutbreaksAs spring brings warmer temperatures and renewed vitality, it also increases the risk of contagious illnesses like chickenpox. Due to its highly contagious nature, chickenpox can spread rapidly in environments with close contact, such as schools and daycares.   The objective of this blog is to provide practical and effective strategies to help prevent chickenpox outbreaks during the spring season. By taking proactive steps, you can protect yourself, your family, and your community from this preventable illness. Let’s explore 10 essential tips to keep chickenpox at bay.   WHAT ARE THE MAIN CAUSES OF CHICKENPOX OUTBREAKS?   Chickenpox (Varicella) is caused by the varicella-zoster virus. Here are the key factors that contribute to its spread:   Cause Description Close ContactChickenpox spreads through direct contact with an infected person’s rash or respiratory droplets when they cough or sneeze.Weak Immune SystemPeople with compromised immune systems are more susceptible to contracting chickenpox, making it easier for outbreaks to occur.Unvaccinated IndividualsThose who have not received the chickenpox vaccine are at a higher risk of getting infected, contributing to the spread of the virus.High Population DensityAreas with dense populations, such as schools, daycare centres, and hospitals, are more susceptible to chickenpox virus transmission due to close contact. The virus spreads easily through respiratory droplets or direct contact with blisters.   WHY DO CHICKENPOX OUTBREAKS HAPPEN IN SPRING?   Spring brings a combination of warmer weather and increased social activities, which can unfortunately fuel the spread of chickenpox. Here are some common points to note:   * Increased social interaction: As schools, sports leagues, and recreational activities ramp up, children and adults interact more often, increasing the chances of transmission.   * Seasonal weather changes: During spring, people often open their windows to enjoy the fresh air, but this can inadvertently increase exposure to airborne viruses. Furthermore, the immune system can be a little more compromised due to the seasonal transition, making the body less efficient at fighting infections.   * Spring break travel: Many families take vacations or go on spring break trips, leading to gatherings in close quarters (such as hotels, resorts, and airports) where chickenpox can easily spread, particularly among unvaccinated children.   HOW SHOULD I PREVENT MYSELF FROM CHICKENPOX?   Chickenpox prevention requires both individual and community-level efforts. Here are 10 essential tips to keep the virus at bay this spring:   1. Get vaccinated: To prevent chickenpox, get the varicella vaccine [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/varicella-vaccine-live-ip]. Children should receive two doses—first at 12-15 months and second at 4-6 years. Unvaccinated adults and those without prior infection should get two doses, spaced 4-8 weeks apart. Pregnant women should avoid vaccination until after delivery.   2. Avoid contact with infected individuals: If someone in your community has chickenpox, try to limit close contact. Since the virus spreads easily through respiratory droplets, it's vital to practice social distancing and keep children away from infected individuals as much as possible.   3. Boost your immune system: A strong immune system [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/top-10-ways-to-improve-immune-system] helps your body fight off infections. Ensure you’re eating a balanced diet [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/benefits-of-eating-healthy] rich in vitamins (particularly Vitamin C and Vitamin D [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/foods-high-in-vitamin-d]), exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep to support immune health.   4. Practice proper hygiene: Good hygiene is the first line of defence. Wash your hands thoroughly with soap and water, especially after touching public surfaces or coming into contact with anyone who might be infected. Teach children the importance of handwashing, too.   5. Disinfect common areas regularly: Surfaces such as doorknobs, light switches, and countertops are prime spots for the chickenpox virus to linger. Use disinfectants regularly to clean high-touch areas and reduce the spread of germs in your home, school, or office.   6. Monitor symptoms and stay home when sick: If you or your child starts showing chickenpox symptoms (fever, tiredness, itchy rash), stay home and avoid contact with others to prevent spreading the virus further. This will help stop the chain of transmission before it gets out of hand.   7. Encourage healthy lifestyles: Promote a healthy lifestyle by encouraging regular physical activity, stress management [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/mental-wellness/relieve-mental-stress], and adequate hydration. A healthy body can better resist infections like chickenpox.   8. Educate others about the importance of vaccination: One of the best ways to prevent outbreaks is by educating friends, family, and your community about the importance of vaccination. Ensure that everyone understands how the vaccine works and why it’s essential for preventing both chickenpox and its potential complications.   9. Avoid crowded places: If possible, limit your time in crowded places like amusement parks or busy airports, especially if your child hasn’t yet had chickenpox or the vaccine. While social distancing is not always possible in these settings, being cautious can reduce exposure.   10. Watch for early signs of outbreaks in your area: Keep an eye out for reports of chickenpox outbreaks, particularly in schools and daycare centres. If an outbreak is reported in your area, take extra precautions to avoid exposure. This might mean limiting social interactions or staying home from large events.   WHAT ARE THE TREATMENT OPTIONS FOR CHICKENPOX?   While prevention is key to avoiding chickenpox, it’s important to understand how to manage the illness if an outbreak does occur. Chickenpox generally resolves on its own, but there are several treatment options available to ease symptoms and reduce the risk of complications. Here are some common chickenpox treatment options:   1. Antiviral medications: In some cases, antiviral medications such as acyclovir [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/acyclovir] may be prescribed, especially for those who are at a higher risk of complications, such as adults, pregnant women, or individuals with weakened immune systems [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/weak-immune-system]. These medications can help reduce the severity and duration of symptoms if administered early in the infection.   2. Over-the-counter pain relief: To manage fever [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/viral-infections/home-remedies-fever], body aches, and discomfort, over-the-counter medications such as acetaminophen [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/paracetamol] (Paracetamol) can be helpful. Avoid giving children aspirin [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/aspirin], as it has been linked to Reye’s syndrome, a rare but serious condition that can affect the liver and brain.   3. Calamine lotion or oatmeal baths: The itchy rash associated with chickenpox can be unbearable. Applying calamine lotion to the affected areas can help soothe the skin and relieve itching. Oatmeal baths are another effective home remedy, as they provide relief from itching and promote skin healing.   4. Hydration and rest: Staying well-hydrated and getting plenty of rest are crucial for recovery. Dehydration can worsen symptoms, so it's important to drink fluids like water, clear broths, and electrolyte solutions. Adequate rest allows the immune system to fight the infection more effectively.   5. Cool compresses: To alleviate the discomfort caused by the rash, apply cool compresses to the affected areas. This can help soothe the skin and reduce inflammation, especially if the rash is widespread.   6. Antihistamines for itching: For those experiencing severe itching, antihistamines like diphenhydramine (Benadryl) can provide relief. However, it’s best to consult with a healthcare provider before giving antihistamines to children.   7. Avoid scratching: Scratching the blisters can lead to secondary bacterial infections, so it's essential to encourage children and adults with chickenpox to avoid scratching. Keeping nails trimmed and using mittens or gloves on young children may help reduce the risk of scratching.   CHICKENPOX PREVENTION TIPS FROM EXPERTS:   Dr Vineeta Taneja [https://www.fortishealthcare.com/doctors/dr-vineeta-taneja-5061], Director of Internal Medicine at Fortis Hospitals, Shalimar Bagh, said, “Practicing good hygiene can help reduce the risk of VZV transmission. Encourage regular handwashing with soap and water, especially after coughing, sneezing, or touching the face. Avoid close contact with individuals who have chickenpox or shingles.”   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS   Q1. How to prevent chickenpox in spring?   To prevent chickenpox in spring, ensure everyone is vaccinated, particularly children and those at risk. Practice good hygiene, avoid close contact with infected individuals, and disinfect commonly touched surfaces regularly.   Q2. What are the tips to avoid chickenpox outbreaks at school?   To avoid chickenpox outbreaks at school, ensure children are vaccinated and promptly isolate any infected students. Encourage regular handwashing and disinfecting of high-touch surfaces throughout the day.   Q3. What are the best ways to protect your child from chickenpox?   To protect your child from chickenpox, ensure they receive the varicella vaccine on schedule. Teach them good hygiene practices, including frequent handwashing. Avoid contact with infected individuals and monitor for early signs of the illness as part of preventing childhood infectious diseases.   Q4. What are some natural remedies to prevent chickenpox?   While no natural remedies can fully prevent chickenpox, strengthening the immune system through a balanced diet rich in vitamins can help. Encourage regular exercise and adequate sleep to support overall health. You can also promote hand hygiene and limit exposure to infected individuals to reduce the risk.   Q5. What to do if your child has chickenpox?   If your child has chickenpox, keep them at home to prevent spreading the virus. Provide relief with calamine lotion, pain relievers, and plenty of fluids. Monitor for complications and contact a doctor if symptoms worsen or if your child is at higher risk.   Q6. When to see a doctor for chickenpox?   See a doctor if your child experiences difficulty breathing, a persistent high fever, or if the rash becomes infected with pus or increased redness. Contact a healthcare professional if your child is at higher risk, such as being pregnant, newborn, or having a weakened immune system. Also, seek medical advice if the symptoms worsen or complications arise. Early intervention can prevent serious issues.   Q7. Will chicken pox marks go away?   Yes, chickenpox marks typically fade over time, but it may take several weeks for the skin to heal completely. Scarring can occur if the blisters are scratched, so it’s important to avoid scratching.   Q8. How do you get rid of chicken pox scars?   To reduce chickenpox scars, use moisturisers like aloe vera [https://www.mrmed.in/otc/babe-aloe-vera-gel-300ml] or vitamin E [https://www.mrmed.in/otc/radvera-lotion] to promote healing. Consider gentle exfoliation once the skin has healed to improve skin texture. For persistent scars, consult a dermatologist for treatments like silicone gels or chemical peels.   Q9. Can you get chicken pox twice?   It is rare but possible to get chickenpox twice. In most cases, the body develops immunity after the first infection. Still, some individuals may experience a second outbreak if their immunity weakens over time or if the initial infection is mild.   Q10. Can you get just 2 chicken pox?   It’s highly unlikely to get just two chickenpox spots. The typical chickenpox rash consists of multiple spots that appear in clusters and can cover large areas of the body. If you notice only a few spots, it might be another condition, so it’s best to consult a doctor for an accurate diagnosis.   WRAPPING UP   Spring is a time for renewal, but it’s also a time when chickenpox outbreaks can spread more easily. By taking preventive measures, like ensuring everyone is vaccinated, practising good hygiene, and avoiding exposure to infected individuals, you can significantly reduce the risk of a chickenpox outbreak in your community.    Protect yourself, your family, and others by staying vigilant and following these essential tips. Let’s keep the spring season enjoyable, healthy, and chickenpox-free!   REFERENCES    1. https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccine-standardization/varicella [https://www.who.int/teams/health-product-policy-and-standards/standards-and-specifications/norms-and-standards/vaccine-standardization/varicella] 2. Ayoade F, Kumar S. Varicella-Zoster Virus (Chickenpox) [Updated 2022 Oct 15]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448191/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK448191/] 3. InformedHealth.org [Internet]. Cologne, Germany: Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG); 2006-. Chickenpox: Learn More – How can you avoid getting chickenpox? [Updated 2023 Feb 8]. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279622/ [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK279622/]   Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for general educational purposes only and should not be considered medical advice. Always consult a healthcare professional for personalised guidance on vaccinations, prevention, and treatment of chickenpox.
Dr. Vijayalakshmi
GBS Outbreak in India: What You Need to Know & How to Stay Safe
20 Feb 2025
7 mins
GBS Outbreak in India: What You Need to Know & How to Stay SafeThe GBS outbreak in India has been making headlines, particularly in Pune and surrounding areas, raising concerns among health experts and the general public. Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), a rare neurological disorder known for decades, has suddenly seen a rise in cases, prompting urgent attention and investigation.   So, what’s going on? Why are cases increasing? Is it something you should worry about? And most importantly, how can you protect yourself and your loved ones?   This blog aims to break down everything you need to know about the ongoing GBS outbreak Pune is experiencing. We’ll explore what GBS Guillain-Barré Syndrome is, its symptoms, possible causes, treatments, and the latest updates from health authorities. Most importantly, we’ll keep it simple, relatable, and informative—no complicated medical jargon, just real talk.   WHAT IS GBS GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME (GBS)?   GBS Syndrome is a rare but serious neurological disorder in which the immune system mistakenly attacks the peripheral nerves. These nerves control muscle movements, sensations, and reflexes, and when they’re under attack, it can lead to muscle weakness, numbness, and even paralysis in severe cases.   The good news? Most people recover fully, but early detection and GBS treatment are crucial.   THE GBS OUTBREAK IN INDIA: WHAT WE KNOW SO FAR   Where is the outbreak happening?   The GBS outbreak has primarily been reported in Maharashtra, especially in Pune and surrounding areas like Pimpri Chinchwad and rural parts of Pune district.     How many cases have been reported?   As of February 11, 2025, Maharashtra’s Health Department has confirmed 167 GBS cases, with one confirmed death. However, over 192 suspected cases are under observation.     What is causing the outbreak?   While the exact trigger isn’t confirmed, contaminated water sources are being investigated. Multiple water samples have tested positive for E. coli and other harmful bacteria, suggesting a link between unsafe drinking water and the surge in GBS cases.     What are authorities doing?   The Pune Municipal Corporation (PMC) has shut down at least 30 private water supply plants found to be contaminated. Additionally, door-to-door surveys are being conducted to identify more cases early and control the GBS outbreak Pune residents are worried about.   GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME PATHOPHYSIOLOGY   The pathophysiology of Guillain-Barré Syndrome involves an autoimmune attack on the myelin sheath of the peripheral nerves, leading to demyelination and nerve inflammation. This disrupts nerve signal transmission, causing weakness, numbness, and paralysis.   In severe cases, nerve axon damage can occur, leading to prolonged recovery or permanent disability. The exact mechanism remains unclear, but infections or immune responses are believed to trigger GBS Virus-like attacks on the nervous system.   WHAT CAUSES GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME?   GBS doesn’t just appear out of nowhere. It often develops after an infection. Some common Guillain barre syndrome causes include:   * Viral infections: The flu, COVID-19 [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/covid-19], and other respiratory infections have been linked to GBS Syndrome. * Bacterial infections: Campylobacter jejuni, found in contaminated food or water, is one of the biggest risk factors. * Recent vaccinations [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/why-vaccines-important] or surgeries: Though rare, some people develop GBS Syndrome after medical procedures. * Contaminated water exposure: The current GBS outbreak in India suggests a possible link between polluted water and the rise in cases.   The good news? GBS Syndrome isn’t contagious—it doesn’t spread from person to person.   WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF GBS?   GBS Syndrome symptoms often start mild but can escalate quickly. Here’s what to look out for:   * Tingling and numbness – Usually begins in the legs and spreads to the arms. * Muscle weakness – You may feel like your legs are giving out or struggling with balance. * Difficulty moving the eyes or face – Can lead to drooping eyelids or trouble swallowing. * Severe pain – Some people experience sharp nerve pain [ https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/nerve-disorders/nerve-pain-damage], especially in the lower back. * Bladder or bowel issues – Difficulty urinating or controlling bowel movements in some cases. * Paralysis – In severe cases, GBS Syndrome can lead to complete paralysis and difficulty breathing.   Symptoms of GBS after eating contaminated food? This is a key concern in the GBS outbreak in Pune. If you experience nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, or weakness shortly after consuming food, seek medical help immediately.   STAGES OF GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME   Stages of Guillain-Barré Syndrome progress through three main phases:   1️. Acute Phase (1-4 weeks): Symptoms appear and rapidly worsen. This is when nerve damage is most intense.   2️. Plateau Phase (Days to Weeks): Symptoms stabilise but remain severe. No further deterioration occurs.   3️. Recovery Phase (Months to Years): Gradual improvement as nerves heal. Some patients recover in months, while others take years.   HOW IS GUILLAIN-BARRÉ SYNDROME TREATED?   While there’s no direct cure, guillain barre syndrome treatment focuses on reducing symptoms and speeding up recovery:   * Plasma Exchange (Plasmapheresis): This removes harmful antibodies from the blood to prevent further nerve damage. * Intravenous Immunoglobulin (IVIG): A high dose of immunoglobulin proteins that helps stop the immune system from attacking nerves. * Physical Therapy & Rehabilitation: Many GBS patients require long-term therapy to regain muscle strength.   The immunoglobulin dose in GBS varies based on severity but is often administered intravenously over several days.   HOW TO PREVENT GBS FROM CONTAMINATED WATER?   Concerned about how to prevent GBS from contaminated water? Follow these precautions:   * Drink only purified or boiled water – Avoid tap water in affected areas. * Avoid roadside or unhygienic food sources – Unclean food may contain harmful bacteria. * Maintain personal hygiene – Wash hands frequently, especially before eating. * Stay updated on health advisories – Follow local news for safety updates.   WHAT TO DO IF YOU SUSPECT GBS SYMPTOMS?   If you or someone you know is experiencing GBS syndrome symptoms, follow these steps:   * Seek medical attention immediately – Early diagnosis improves chances of recovery. * Keep a record of recent illnesses or infections – This helps doctors determine possible causes. * Follow prescribed treatments strictly – Delays in treatment can worsen the condition.   EXPERT OPINIONS ON THE GBS OUTBREAK   Dr. Ashish Gosar, a neurologist at Saifee Hospital in Mumbai, explains, "GBS often develops a few weeks after an infection. Early intervention is critical to prevent severe paralysis."   Maharashtra Health Minister Prakash Abitkar has reassured citizens, saying, "We are taking strict action against contaminated water sources. The situation is under control, and we urge residents to follow precautions."   FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS)   1. Can Guillain-Barré Syndrome be cured?   There is no direct cure for GBS, but medical treatments like plasma exchange and IVIG can help speed up recovery. Most people recover fully, though some may experience long-term weakness or nerve damage. The key is early diagnosis and prompt medical intervention.   2. How long does it take to recover from Guillain-Barré Syndrome?   Recovery time varies from person to person. Some individuals regain full strength within a few months, while others may take a year or more. In severe cases, lingering weakness or nerve damage may persist for years. Rehabilitation plays a crucial role in long-term recovery.   3. Can drinking bottled water prevent GBS?   Drinking clean, bottled, or boiled water can help prevent bacterial infections that may trigger GBS. While GBS itself is not caused by drinking water, infections like Campylobacter jejuni, often found in contaminated food or water, can lead to its development.   4. Is Guillain-Barré Syndrome more common in certain age groups?   GBS can affect individuals of all ages, but it is more commonly reported in older adults. People with weakened immune systems [ https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/health-care/weak-immune-system] or recent infections are at a higher risk. However, the recent outbreak in India shows that environmental factors, such as contaminated water, can also contribute to its occurrence.   5. What is the survival rate of Guillain-Barré Syndrome?   The majority of GBS patients survive and recover, though the recovery process can be slow. The fatality rate is estimated to be between 3-7%, usually in severe cases where respiratory muscles are affected. Early medical intervention significantly improves the chances of survival and full recovery.   6. Is Guillain-Barré Syndrome Contagious?   No, GBS is not contagious. You can’t "catch" it from someone who has it. However, the infections that can trigger GBS—like food poisoning or viral infections [ https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/viral-infections]—can spread.   FINAL TAKEAWAY   The GBS outbreak in India is a wake-up call for better sanitation and hygiene practices. While GBS remains rare, the rise in cases linked to contaminated water is concerning. However, with quick medical intervention, most people recover fully.   Stay informed, take precautions, and seek medical help immediately if you notice symptoms. Awareness and early action can make all the difference.   REFERENCES   1. https://www.thestatesman.com/india/maharashtra-167-guillain-barre-syndrome-cases-detected-1503396735.html [https://www.thestatesman.com/india/maharashtra-167-guillain-barre-syndrome-cases-detected-1503396735.html] 2. https://indiashorts.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-cases-are-rising-in-maharashtra-heres-what-we-know/242973/ [https://indiashorts.com/guillain-barre-syndrome-cases-are-rising-in-maharashtra-heres-what-we-know/242973/] 3. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/gbs-outbreak-mumbai-reports-first-guillain-barre-syndrome-death-maharashtra-toll-rises-to-8/articleshow/118163341.cms [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/gbs-outbreak-mumbai-reports-first-guillain-barre-syndrome-death-maharashtra-toll-rises-to-8/articleshow/118163341.cms] 4. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pune-guillain-barre-syndrome-gbs-outbreak-could-be-one-of-the-largest-in-world/articleshow/117810219.cms [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/pune-guillain-barre-syndrome-gbs-outbreak-could-be-one-of-the-largest-in-world/articleshow/117810219.cms] 5. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3638251/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3638251/]
Dr. Vijayalakshmi
10 Best Neurosurgeons in India
17 Feb 2025
10mins
Top 10 best neurosurgeons in India for brain tumour surgeriesBrain tumour surgery is a delicate and complex procedure that requires expertise, precision, and experience. Neurosurgeons in India have gained global recognition for their exceptional skills in performing successful brain tumour [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/learn-about-brain-and-spine-tumour] surgeries. With advanced medical technologies and world-class healthcare facilities, India has become a preferred destination for patients seeking treatment.    The objective of this blog is to highlight the Top-rated brain tumour specialists in India with high success rates, focusing on the top 10 best neurosurgeons in India who specialise in brain tumour surgery, ensuring patients receive the highest standard of care.   WHO ARE THE BEST BRAIN TUMOUR SURGEONS IN INDIA?   When it comes to brain tumour [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/brain-tumor-facts] surgery, choosing the right surgeon is crucial for the best outcomes. Here are some of the top neurosurgeons in India, known for their expertise and success rates:   1. DR. ADITYA GUPTA    Chairperson - Neurosurgery & CNS Radiosurgery & Co-Chief - Cyberknife Centre, Artemis Hospitals, Gurugram.   Qualification:   * M.Ch. (Neurosurgery), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 1999 * MBBS, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 1994 * Research Professor, CJW Medical Center, Richmond, Virginia, USA   Experience:   * Over 32 years of experience in the field of neurosurgery * Chairperson of Neurosurgery, CNS Radiosurgery, and Co-Chief of the CyberKnife Centre at Artemis Hospitals, Gurgaon * Former Associate Professor of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi * Co-founder of the Institute of Neurosciences at Medanta Hospital, Gurgaon * Extensive international experience treating patients from Africa, the Middle East, Central Asia, and South Asia   About Dr. Aditya Gupta:   * Dr. Aditya Gupta [https://www.artemishospitals.com/about-artemis-hospital/for-patients/our-doctors/aditya-gupta] is a renowned neurosurgeon in India, having performed over 10,000 brain tumour surgeries. * Pioneering expert in radiosurgery, having performed more than 6,000 procedures using Gamma Knife, CyberKnife, and LINAC technologies. * He is highly regarded for his expertise in brain tumour microsurgery, spine tumour microsurgery and deep brain stimulation surgeries. * Recognised globally for his contributions to neuro-oncology [https://academic.oup.com/neuro-oncology] and functional neurosurgery. * Regularly featured on national television and in more than 50 scientific publications. * He is known for his commitment to excellence in patient care and minimally invasive surgery techniques.   Get in touch:   For more information about Dr. Aditya Gupta and to schedule a consultation, visit the Artemis Hospitals website or call: +91-124 4511 111.   2. DR. V. P. SINGH   Chairman, Neurosurgery and Neurosciences, Medanta Hospitals, Gurugram.   Qualification:   * M.Ch. (Neurosurgery), All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi * MBBS, Delhi University   Experience:   * Over 30 years of experience in the field of neurosurgery * Pioneered Gamma Knife Surgery and Epilepsy Surgery at AIIMS, New Delhi * Former Additional Professor and Unit Head of Neurosurgery at AIIMS, New Delhi * Senior Consultant Neurosurgeon at Apollo Hospital, New Delhi (since 2007) * Operated over 400 intracranial aneurysms   About Dr. V. P. Singh:   * Dr. V. P. Singh is a renowned neurosurgeon with expertise in brain tumour surgery, cerebrovascular surgery, epilepsy surgery, and radiosurgery * Significant contributions to the development of Gamma Knife surgery and epilepsy surgery at AIIMS, New Delhi * Recognised for treating complex conditions like intracranial aneurysms and AVMs * Author of over 70 scientific papers and chapters in books * Awarded Best Paper Awards at the Indian Epilepsy Association Conferences * Credited with pioneering work and shaping neurosurgical practices in India   Expertise:   * Brain tumour surgery * Cerebrovascular surgery (including aneurysms and AVMs) * Epilepsy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/neurology/international-epilepsy-day] surgery and Neurovascular surgery * Radiosurgery (Gamma Knife and other technologies) * Intracranial aneurysm surgery * Complex neurological conditions [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/neurology/5-brain-related-diseases] involving brain and spinal surgeries   For appointments:   Call +91-880-000-1068 or visit the Medanta Hospital website to book an appointment.   3. DR. RANA PATIR   Chairman Neuro Surgery, Fortis Gurgaon   Qualification:   * MBBS, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi * MS in General Surgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi * MCh in Neurosurgery, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi * Fellowship in Neurosurgery, Frenchay Hospital, New Castle, UK   Experience:    * 32+ years of experience in advanced neurosurgery * Chairman, Department of Neurosurgery, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram * Former Professor of Neurosurgery, Guwahati Medical College * Former Associate Professor, AIIMS, New Delhi * Extensive experience in teaching and training postgraduate students at AIIMS and Sir Ganga Ram Hospital * Performed over 10,000 neurological procedures   About Dr. Rana Patir:   * Eminent neurosurgeon specialising in minimally invasive brain and spine surgery * Recognised for advanced brain tumour surgeries and Stereotactic procedures * Experience at prestigious institutions like AIIMS, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, and Max Healthcare * Published in renowned medical journals * An active member of prestigious medical societies   Expertise:   * Skull base and neurovascular surgery * Epilepsy surgery * Pediatric Neurosurgery * Stereotactic surgery and deep brain stimulation * Brain aneurysm surgeries * Cervical and lumbar disc replacement surgery * Craniovertebral junction surgery   To book an appointment, call 9205010100 or visit the Fortis Gurgaon website.   4. DR. SANDEEP VAISHYA   Executive Director & HOD Neurosurgery, Fortis Gurgaon   Qualification:   * MBBS, G R Medical College, Gwalior * MS (General Surgery), G R Medical College, Gwalior * MCh (Neurosurgery), AIIMS, New Delhi * Sundt Fellowship, Mayo Clinic, USA   Experience:   * 27+ years of experience in advanced neurosurgery * Head of Department & Executive Director, Neurosurgery, Fortis Memorial Research Institute, Gurugram * Experience with top institutions and hospitals in India, including AIIMS * Awarded the prestigious Sundt Fellowship by Mayo Clinic, USA * Extensive expertise in Gamma Knife Surgery and brachial plexus injury management   About Dr. Sandeep Vaishya:   * 27+ years of experience in advanced neurosurgery * Specialist in minimally invasive and image-guided neurosurgery * Expert in intracranial and skull base tumour surgeries * Recognised as a top Gamma Knife surgeon in South Asia * Awarded the Herbert Krause Medal and Dr. Majeed Memorial Oration * Renowned for contributions to neurosurgical education and research   Expertise:   * Minimally invasive and image-guided neurosurgery * Intracranial tumour surgery (including skull base tumours) * Functional Neurosurgery * Spinal surgery * Brachial plexus & peripheral nerve surgery * Gamma Knife surgery   For appointment-related queries, call 9205 010 100 or visit the Fortis Gurgaon website.   5. DR. ARUN SAROHA   Principal Director & Unit Head, Neurosciences, Neurosurgery, Spine Surgery, Max healthcare hospitals.    Qualification:   * MBBS, Rajasthan University * MS (General Surgery), Rajasthan University * MCh (Neurosurgery), PGIMER, Chandigarh * Visiting Fellow, Singapore General Hospital   Experience:   * Over 27 years in Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery * Principal Director & Unit Head, Max Healthcare * Former Head of Neurosurgery, Artemis Hospital, Gurgaon * Performed 8,000+ successful surgeries   About Dr. Arun Saroha:   * Expert in brain and spine disorders, including tumours and degenerative spine conditions * Awarded “Best Spine Surgeon” at the BIG Research Awards, 2013 * Known for functional and image-guided neurosurgery * Author of award-winning papers on brain tumour research   Expertise:   * Brain & spine tumours * Degenerative spine disorders * Minimally invasive spine surgery * Pediatric Neurosurgery   For appointment-related queries, call 9268880303 or visit the Max Healthcare Hospitals website.   6. DR. G. BALAMURALI    Senior Consultant- Spine and Neurosurgery, Kauvery Hospitals, Chennai.   Qualification:   * MBBS (Bangalore University) * MRCS (Edinburgh), FRCS (Surgical Neurology [https://www.mrmed.in/speciality/neurology]), MD (Research) * Fellow in Minimally Invasive & Complex Spine Surgery (UK, USA, Switzerland)   Experience:   * 16+ years in spinal neurosurgery * Senior Spine and Neurosurgeon since 2011 * Director, International Spine Academy (iSpine) * Managing Director, HAMSA Spine and Brain Rehabilitation   About Dr. G. Balamurali:   * Awarded for societal contributions by Dr. APJ Abdul Kalam * Recognised for spinal cord injury expertise * One of Chennai's top 50 most influential people (2020) * Honoured with several prestigious awards   Expertise:   * Minimally invasive & endoscopic spine surgery * Spinal cord tumour surgery * Pediatric spine surgery * Complex spine surgery & deformities * Brachial plexus lesioning & pain management   For appointments:   Call +91 44- 4000 6000 or visit the Kauvery Hospitals website to book an appointment.   7. DR. V. S. MEHTA   Chairman - Neurosurgery, Paras Health Hospitals, Gurugram.   Qualification:   * M.B.B.S. from Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan * M.S. (General Surgery) from Sawai Man Singh Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan * M.Ch. (Neurosurgery) from AIIMS, New Delhi   Experience:   * Dr. V. S. Mehta has over 40 years of experience in the field of neurosurgery. * Former Head of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, New Delhi * Former Chief of Neurosciences Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi * Chairman Emeritus of Neurosciences, Paras Health, Gurgaon * Renowned for exceptional contributions to neurosurgery   About Dr. V S Mehta:   * Padma Shri Award recipient (2005) * Lifetime Achievement Award (2018) * Distinguished neurosurgeon with decades of experience * One of India's top neurosurgeons acknowledged for contributions to the field   Expertise:   * Brachial Plexus Surgery * Brain Stem Surgery * Brain Tumor Surgery   For appointments:   Call 8080808069 or visit the Paras Health Hospitals website to book an appointment.   8. DR. YASHODHAR SHAH   Neuro and Spine Surgeon, Marengo CIMS Hospital, Ahmedabad.   Qualification:   * M.CH (Neurosurgery) from N.H.L.M Medical College, Gujarat University, 1989 * M.S (Surgery) from K.M.S of P.G. Medicine & Research, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 1986 * M.B.B.S from V. S. Hospital, Gujarat University, Ahmedabad, 1983 * Special Training in Spine Surgery, Burdenko Hospital, Moscow   Experience:   * Practising as a Consultant Neurosurgeon for 30+ years * Consultant Neurosurgeon to C U Shah Medical College, Surendranagar * Expertise in cranial and spinal surgeries   About Dr. Yashodhar Shah:   * Neurologist and Spine Surgeon with 41 years of experience * Practices at Marengo CIMS Hospital, Sola, Ahmedabad * Recognised for his expertise in brain and spine surgeries   Expertise:   * Trauma Brain & Spine * Complex brain surgery * Prolapsed Disc and Spine Surgery * Craniotomy * Sciatica and Spine Tumor Treatment   For appointment-related queries, call 1800309999 or visit the CIMS Hospital website.   9. DR. ANIL KUMAR KANSAL   Principal Director & HOD, Neurosurgery, Spine Surgery, Robotic Surgery, Neurosciences, BLK Max Hospital, Shalimar Bagh.   Qualification:   * MCh - Neurosurgery, King George's Medical College, Lucknow University, 2001 * MS (General Surgery), King George's Medical College, Lucknow University, 1997 * MBBS, Lala Lajpat Rai Memorial Medical College, Meerut, 1994   Experience:   * Senior Director & HOD - Neurosurgery & Spine Surgery, BLK Max Hospital, Delhi * Director & HOD - Neurosurgery & Spine Surgery, Fortis Hospital, Shalimar Bagh * Senior Consultant - Neurosurgery & Spine Surgery, Max Hospital, Shalimar Bagh * Senior Consultant & HOD - Neurosurgery & Spine Surgery, Maharaja Agrasen Hospital, Delhi * Consultant - Neurosurgery & Spine Surgery, VIMHANS Hospital, Delhi * Associate Consultant - Neurosurgery & Spine Surgery, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, Delhi   About Dr. Anil Kumar Kansal:   * Senior Neurosurgeon with 31+ years of experience * Expertise in spine and brain surgeries * Member of various prestigious medical societies   Expertise:   * Spine Tumor Surgery * Head & Spinal Cord Injury * Brain Tumor Treatment * Cerebral Aneurysms * Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery (MIS) * Deep Brain Stimulation * Herniated Disc & Lumbar Spinal Stenosis * Epilepsy Surgery * Endoscopic Brain & Spine Surgery   For appointments:   Call 9268880303 or visit the BLK Max Hospital website to book an appointment.   10. DR. SUDHIR DUBEY   Chairman, Neurosurgery and Neurosciences, Medanta Hospitals.   Qualification:   * MBBS, King Georges Medical College, Lucknow University, 1995 * MCh - Neurosurgery, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), 2001   Experience:   * Director, Neurosurgery and Spine Surgery, Medanta * HOD, Neurosurgery, Bhopal Hospital and Research Centre * HOD, Neurosurgery, Max Balaji Hospital   About Dr. Sudhir Dubey:   * Pioneering expert in Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Brain, Skull Base, and Spine Surgery * Awarded "Young Neurosurgeon's Award" by the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies * Performed over 10,000 Neurosurgical operations, including Pituitary Surgery * International recognition for work on Brain Tumors * Previously trained at prestigious centres across the USA, including Denver, Boston, Chicago, Memphis, and New York * Member of key international medical societies   Expertise:   * Endoportal Brain Tumor Procedures * Pituitary Tumor Surgeries * Brain Aneurysm Interventions * Cranial Cyberknife Radiosurgery * Minimally Invasive Spine Surgery * Brain and Spine Tumors   To book an appointment, call +91-880-000-1068 or visit the Medanta Hospitals website.   WRAPPING UP!   India is home to some of the best neurosurgeons, offering top-notch care for brain tumour surgeries. With cutting-edge techniques like minimally invasive and endoscopic surgery, these experts ensure high-quality treatment for patients. When it comes to the question, "What is the success rate of brain tumour surgery in India?" the success rate is generally between 70% and 90%, depending on factors such as the type, location, and stage of the tumour.    With advanced medical facilities, skilled surgeons, and affordable healthcare, India is a sought-after destination for brain tumour surgery, providing excellent outcomes for many patients.   Disclaimer: The rankings provided are based on available data and may vary. Success rates and outcomes depend on individual factors, including tumour type and patient health. Always consult with healthcare professionals before making medical decisions.
Dr. Vijayalakshmi