Explore MrMed Health Library for Cancer Care information

Cervical Cancer Prevention: The Role of HPV Vaccines and Government Initiatives in India

Cancer Care

31 Jan 2025

7 mins

Cervical Cancer Prevention: The Role of HPV Vaccines and Government Initiatives in IndiaCervical cancer is the second most common cancer among women in India, yet it is one of the few cancers that can be prevented. Every year, over 1.2 lakh women in India are diagnosed with this disease, and more than 75,000 lose their lives to it. The good news? A simple vaccine can prevent most cases of cervical cancer. The HPV vaccine [https://www.mrmed.in/molecule/hpv-vaccine-human-papilloma-virus] has been a game-changer in reducing cervical cancer [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cervical-cancer-causes-symptoms-treatment] cases worldwide. However, despite its availability, awareness and access remain major challenges in India. The government has stepped in with vaccination programs, screening initiatives, and awareness campaigns to ensure more women are protected. Let’s break it down—what is the HPV vaccine, how does it work, what are the government’s initiatives, and why should every eligible woman and girl get vaccinated? WHAT MAKES THE HPV VACCINE A GAME-CHANGER? The HPV vaccine is designed to protect against the high-risk strains of HPV that cause cervical cancer. Think of it as your body’s personal bodyguard against the virus. According to Dr. Princess Nothemba Simelela, WHO Assistant Director-General, “The HPV vaccine is highly effective in preventing infection with HPV types 16 and 18, which are responsible for 70% of cervical cancer cases.” This makes the vaccine a powerful tool in cervical cancer prevention. Two major vaccines are available in India: 1. CERVAVAC [https://www.mrmed.in/medicines/cervavac-injection] – India’s first indigenously developed cervical cancer vaccine, launched in 2023. It’s affordable and targeted at making HPV prevention accessible to all. 2. Gardasil [https://www.mrmed.in/medicines/gardasil-injection] – A globally recognised HPV vaccine available in India for years, offering strong protection against multiple HPV strains. WHY SHOULD YOU GET VACCINATED EARLY? Doctors recommend the vaccine for pre-teens, ideally between 9–14 years, as it’s most effective before exposure to the virus. But if you missed it in your teens, don’t worry—adults up to 45 years can still benefit! WHO’s Strategic Advisory Group of Experts (SAGE) on Immunization highlights that “Expanding access to the HPV vaccine, especially through a single-dose regimen, has the potential to significantly reduce cervical cancer rates, particularly in low- and middle-income countries.” By ensuring early vaccination, we take a crucial step toward reducing cervical cancer cases worldwide and making protection more accessible to everyone. WHAT DOES HPV VACCINATION COST IN INDIA? While the cost of the HPV vaccine in India varies, it’s now more affordable than ever, thanks to government initiatives. A single dose of CERVAVAC costs around ₹200-400, compared to Gardasil, which ranges from ₹2,500–₹4,000 per dose. This price difference has made CERVAVAC a beacon of hope for millions of middle- and lower-income families. WHAT ARE THE GOVERNMENT’S INITIATIVES FOR CERVICAL CANCER PREVENTION? The Indian government has recognised the urgency of combating cervical cancer and is taking bold steps to address it. 1. MISSION INDRADHANUSH This flagship program aims to achieve universal vaccination coverage, with a focus on including the HPV vaccine. By integrating HPV vaccination into the broader immunisation framework, the government hopes to reach girls in rural and underserved areas. Click here [https://missionindradhanush.in/] to learn more. 2. INTERNATIONAL AGENCY FOR RESEARCH ON CANCER The IARC Screening Group (International Agency for Research on Cancer) plays a crucial role in promoting cervical cancer prevention in India. This initiative, supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), focuses on research, implementation, and capacity-building for cervical cancer screening programs globally, including India. The program provides training, technical resources, and guidelines to strengthen India's screening efforts, ensuring early detection and timely treatment. For more information, you can visit their official website: IARC Screening Group [https://screening.iarc.fr/index.php]. 3. NATIONAL CANCER REGISTRY PROGRAMME (NCRP) Initiated in 1982 by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the NCRP collects data on cancer incidence and trends, including cervical cancer. This information aids in understanding the magnitude and patterns of cancer, thereby informing policy and program development. For more info, click here [https://www.ncdirindia.org/All_Reports/PBCR_2001_04/PBCR_2001_04.pdf] HOW CAN YOU PROTECT YOURSELF AND YOUR LOVED ONES? 1. GET VACCINATED If you or your children haven’t received the HPV vaccine yet, make it a priority. Remember, prevention is always better (and cheaper!) than treatment. 2. REGULAR SCREENINGS Screening methods like Pap smears [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/pap-smear-test] and HPV tests can catch abnormal changes in the cervix early. Women aged 21–65 should undergo regular cervical cancer screening every 3–5 years. 3. SPREAD AWARENESS Talk to your friends, family, and community about the importance of the HPV vaccine and cervical cancer prevention. The more we normalise these conversations, the faster we can break the stigma. 4. LEVERAGE GOVERNMENT SCHEMES Take advantage of programs like Mission Indradhanush or government subsidies on vaccines to ensure that finances don’t become a barrier to health. WHY IS INDIA STILL STRUGGLING WITH CERVICAL CANCER AWARENESS? Despite the availability of vaccines and government support, several challenges persist: * Cultural barriers: Conversations about reproductive health remain taboo in many parts of India. * Lack of education: Many families aren’t aware of cervical cancer or the HPV vaccine’s role in preventing it. * Healthcare access: Women in rural areas often lack access to basic health services, let alone specialised vaccinations or screenings. ARE THERE ANY SIDE EFFECTS OF THE HPV VACCINE? The HPV vaccine is generally safe and well-tolerated, with millions of doses administered worldwide. Like any vaccine, it may cause mild side effects, including: * Pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site * Mild fever or headaches * Fatigue, dizziness, or nausea These side effects typically resolve on their own within a few days. Serious reactions, such as severe allergies, are extremely rare. Multiple studies confirm that the benefits of the HPV vaccine far outweigh any risks, as it significantly reduces the chances of developing cervical cancer and other HPV-related diseases. IS THE HPV VACCINE THE SAME AS THE BCG VACCINE FOR CERVICAL CANCER? Nope! The BCG vaccine, primarily used for tuberculosis, is not a substitute for the HPV vaccine. Here's a small comparison table between the BCG and HPV vaccines: Feature BCG Vaccine HPV Vaccine Primary Purpose Prevents tuberculosis (TB) Prevents human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, which can lead to cervical cancer Cancer Prevention No direct prevention of cervical cancer Prevents cervical cancer caused by HPV strains Target Diseases Tuberculosis (TB) HPV-related cancers (e.g., cervical, anal, throat cancers) Recommended Age Group Given mainly to infants and children Recommended for adolescents (both boys and girls) Effectiveness Effective for TB prevention Highly effective in preventing HPV infections and associated cancers HOW FAR HAS INDIA COME IN THE FIGHT AGAINST CERVICAL CANCER? In 2021, the World Health Organization (WHO) set a global target to eliminate cervical cancer by 2030. India, too, is aligning with this mission by increasing HPV vaccination coverage, enhancing cervical cancer screening, and launching awareness campaigns [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cervical-cancer-awareness-month]. Here’s a striking stat: * In India, over 1.2 lakh women are diagnosed with cervical cancer annually, but widespread HPV vaccination could prevent 70–90% of these cases. That’s the power of prevention! FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS (FAQS) 1. IS THE HPV VACCINE MANDATORY IN INDIA? No, the HPV vaccine is not mandatory in India, but it is highly recommended for cervical cancer prevention. The government and health organisations promote it through immunisation programs and awareness campaigns. Schools and hospitals often encourage vaccination, especially for young girls before exposure to HPV. While not compulsory, getting vaccinated significantly reduces the risk of cervical and other HPV-related cancers. 2. HOW MANY DOSES OF THE HPV VACCINE DO YOU NEED? The number of doses depends on your age at the time of the first shot. If you're under 15, you need two doses given six months apart. If you're 15 or older, three doses are required over six months for full protection. It’s important to complete the entire series for maximum effectiveness. Consult your doctor for the best schedule based on your age and health status. 3. CAN ADULTS GET THE HPV VACCINE? Yes! While the ideal age for HPV vaccination is 9–14 years, adults up to 45 years can still benefit. The vaccine is most effective before exposure to HPV, but it can still offer protection against new infections. If you're sexually active or above the recommended age, discuss with your doctor to see if getting vaccinated is still beneficial for you. 4. WHAT ARE THE SYMPTOMS OF CERVICAL CANCER? Cervical cancer often doesn’t show symptoms in its early stages, which is why regular cervical cancer screening is essential. As it progresses, symptoms may include abnormal vaginal bleeding, pelvic pain, unusual discharge, or pain during intercourse. If you notice any of these signs, seek medical advice immediately. Early detection through Pap smears and HPV testing greatly improves treatment success. 5. IS THE HPV VACCINE EFFECTIVE AGAINST ALL TYPES OF CERVICAL CANCER? The HPV vaccine protects against the most common high-risk HPV strains responsible for 70–90% of cervical cancers. While it doesn’t cover all possible cancer-causing HPV types, it significantly lowers the overall risk. Regular cervical cancer screening alongside vaccination offers the best protection. THE BOTTOM LINE Cervical cancer is one of the few cancers that we can truly prevent. Thanks to HPV vaccines like CERVAVAC and government schemes like Mission Indradhanush, India is making progress in safeguarding women’s health. But prevention starts with awareness. So, let’s break the silence, share knowledge, and ensure that every woman has the chance to live a healthy, cancer-free life. After all, when it comes to health, there’s no such thing as “too early” or “too careful.” Take the first step today—you won’t regret it! ALSO READ 1. HPV Vaccination in India - Everything You Need To Know [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cervical-cancer-hpv-vaccination-in-india] 2. HPV-Negative Cervical Cancer [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/hpv-negative-cervical-cancer] 3. Symptoms, Causes and Treatment of Cervical Cancer [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cervical-cancer-causes-identification] 4. Early warning signs of Cervical cancer [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cervical-cancer-warning-signs-screening-vaccine] REFERENCES 1. https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html [https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd/hpv/hcp/recommendations.html] 2. https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html [https://www.cdc.gov/cervical-cancer/prevention/index.html] 3. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3385284/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3385284/] 4. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer [https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cervical-cancer] 5. https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/hpv-vaccine/ [https://www.nhs.uk/vaccinations/hpv-vaccine/] 6. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8170054/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8170054/] 7. https://www.who.int/news/item/11-04-2022-one-dose-human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-vaccine-offers-solid-protection-against-cervical-cancer [https://www.who.int/news/item/11-04-2022-one-dose-human-papillomavirus-(hpv)-vaccine-offers-solid-protection-against-cervical-cancer] Disclaimer: The information provided in this blog is for general informational purposes only and is not intended as medical advice. Always consult with an oncologist before making any decisions related to vaccinations or health treatments. The availability of vaccines and government programs may vary by location, and it is important to stay informed through local health authorities and medical professionals.

Sakshi Anil More

Cancer Care

3 Dec 2024

8 Mins

Cancers That Cause Constipation: Early Warning Signs and SymptomsWhile constipation is a common issue that many of us experience at some point, it’s often dismissed as a minor inconvenience. But what if it’s signalling something more serious? In some cases, continuous constipation can be early signs of cancer [https://cancerlibrary.mrmed.in/]. Understanding the link between constipation [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/gastroenterology/diet-plan-for-constipation-how-to-control] and certain cancers is important for catching potential problems early when treatment is most effective. The objective of this blog is to explore the link between cancer and constipation, highlighting which types of cancer [https://cancerlibrary.mrmed.in/type-of-cancer-based-on-system] may trigger constipation, how it manifests, and why it's important to listen to your body when unusual symptoms arise, especially when considering the connection between constipation and cancer risk. Your health is a priority. Let’s understand what constipation may really point to. CAN CONSTIPATION CAUSE CANCER? Constipation itself does not cause cancer, but it can sometimes serve as a warning sign for underlying health issues, including certain types of cancer. While most cases of constipation are related to lifestyle factors such as diet, stress, or dehydration, persistent or unexplained constipation may be a symptom of more serious conditions like colorectal or ovarian cancer. It's important to note that when constipation is accompanied by other unusual symptoms, such as blood in the stool, unexplained weight loss, or abdominal pain, it’s crucial to consult a healthcare professional. Early detection and attention to these signs can lead to better outcomes in managing potential health risks. WHICH CANCERS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH CONSTIPATION? While constipation is commonly seen as a benign issue, it can also be a key symptom of some cancers, often referred to as cancer and constipation symptoms. Certain types of cancer directly affect the digestive system, while others may cause constipation through their impact on surrounding organs. A 2019 [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6503315/#:~:text=Conclusions%3A%20Patients%20with%20constipation%20had,cancers%20other%20than%20colorectal%20cancer.] study found that patients with constipation had an increased short-term risk of gastrointestinal (GI) cancers, especially colon [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/colon-cancer-stages-symptoms] and pancreatic cancers [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/pancreatic-cancer-symptoms-causes]. After the first year, the risk for colorectal cancer returned to normal, but the risk for other GI cancers remained slightly elevated. Non-GI cancer risks were mostly higher in the first year, particularly for ovarian cancer [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/ovarian-cancer-treatment]. Beyond the first year, the risk for non-GI cancers decreased to normal levels. Here are some of the cancers most commonly linked to constipation: 1. Colorectal cancer symptoms Colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent causes of constipation, especially when a tumour obstructs the intestines. As the tumour grows, it can narrow the colon or rectum, making it difficult for stool to pass through. Symptoms to watch for include: * Infrequent or difficult bowel movements * Straining during bowel movements * A sensation of incomplete bowel emptying * Blood in the stool * Unexplained weight loss * Abdominal discomfort or cramping Dr Santosh Kumar Enaganti [https://www.yashodahospitals.com/doctor/hitech-city/gastroenterology/dr-santosh-enaganti/], HOD, Senior Consultant, Department of Medical Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Yashoda Hospitals, Hyderabad, said that “Constipation with localised pain and persistent constipation in spite of normal diet is indicative of the constructive type of cancer. That means the inside of the lumen of the intestine will become narrow, causing small pallet-like stools associated with pain and bleeding. That’s when we call it an obstructing structuring of colon cancer”. 2. Ovarian cancer symptoms Ovarian cancer, often undetected in its early stages, can cause constipation when a tumour presses on the intestines or rectum. This pressure can obstruct bowel movements and lead to constipation. Symptoms to watch for include: * Abdominal bloating * Pelvic pain * Changes in menstrual cycles * Nausea [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/tips-stop-nausea-in-cancer] * Difficulty eating or feeling full quickly 3. Pancreatic cancer symptoms Pancreatic cancer can cause constipation when the tumour affects the pancreas or bile ducts, disrupting the digestive system. This can result in a build-up of waste and make bowel movements more difficult, highlighting the connection between pancreatic cancer and digestive problems. Symptoms to watch for include: * Unexplained weight loss * Jaundice (yellowing of the skin or eyes) * Fatigue * Abdominal pain or discomfort * Changes in stool appearance (e.g., pale or fatty stools) 4. Stomach Cancer Symptoms Stomach cancer [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/all-about-stomach-cancer] can cause digestive problems, including constipation, due to obstruction in the digestive tract. As the tumour grows, it can lead to nausea, bloating, and fullness after eating even small amounts of food. Symptoms to watch for include: * Persistent nausea or vomiting * Loss of appetite or unexplained weight loss * A feeling of fullness after eating small meals * Stomach pain or discomfort * Heartburn or indigestion 5. Bowel Cancer Symptoms Bowel cancer, or colorectal cancer, is often linked to persistent constipation, especially when a tumour obstructs the bowel or rectum. The growth of the tumour can block the passage of stool and cause discomfort. Signs of cancer causing bowel issues to watch for include: * Persistent constipation or changes in bowel habits * Abdominal pain or cramping * Blood in the stool or black, tarry stools * Unexplained weight loss * Fatigue * A feeling of incomplete bowel emptying If these symptoms persist, it’s important to consult a healthcare professional for further evaluation and diagnosis. Early detection is essential for better treatment outcomes. HOW DOES CANCER TREATMENT LEAD TO CONSTIPATION? While constipation is a symptom of certain cancers, it can also be a side effect of cancer treatments. Cancer symptoms can worsen during chemotherapy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/understanding-chemotherapy-in-cancer-care] or radiation therapy [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/cancer-care/cancer-treatment-using-radiation-therapy], which may disrupt normal bowel function. Chemotherapy drugs, in particular, can slow down the digestive system, leading to constipation. Also, pain medications, such as opioids, usually prescribed to cancer patients, can further contribute to constipation causes. For patients undergoing cancer treatment, staying hydrated, eating fibre-rich foods (as tolerated), and engaging in gentle physical activity can help prevent or alleviate constipation. In some cases, doctors may recommend stool softeners like Consrelif Suspension [https://www.mrmed.in/otc/consrelif-suspension-110ml] or laxatives like Sofolyte Powder [https://www.mrmed.in/otc/sofolyte-90gm-powder] & Lactivig [https://www.mrmed.in/otc/lactivig-90gm] to manage constipation. Order your medicines easily at MrMed.in [http://mrmed.in] and get fast, reliable delivery to manage your health during cancer treatment. WHY SCREENING IS IMPORTANT TO IDENTIFY IF CONSTIPATION IS RELATED TO CANCER If you experience persistent or unexplained constipation, it’s essential to consider the possibility that it may be linked to a more serious condition, such as cancer. Screening is a vital tool for early detection, especially when symptoms do not improve with usual treatments. When to Visit a Doctor: * If your constipation lasts for more than 3 days or worsens over time. * If you notice blood in your stool or unusual changes in stool consistency (e.g., very hard or the colour changes). * If you experience unexplained weight loss, fatigue, or abdominal pain along with constipation. * If you have a family history of cancer, particularly colorectal, ovarian, or pancreatic cancer. A healthcare provider will assess your symptoms and may recommend various tests, such as a colonoscopy, imaging tests, or blood work, to determine if the constipation is related to cancer or another medical condition. Early screening and prompt diagnosis can significantly improve treatment outcomes, so it’s important not to ignore persistent symptoms. FREQUENTLY ASKED QUESTIONS 1. What are the gastrointestinal symptoms of colorectal cancer? Gastrointestinal symptoms of colorectal cancer may include persistent abdominal pain, changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhoea, constipation, or alternating between the two), and blood in the stool. Weight loss and fatigue can also occur. 2. Can ovarian cancer cause bowel problems? Yes, ovarian cancer can cause bowel problems, including constipation, bloating, and changes in bowel habits, due to the tumour pressing on the intestines. These symptoms, known as constipation in ovarian cancer, can mimic other digestive issues, so it's crucial to seek medical advice for a proper diagnosis. 3. What are the early signs of gastrointestinal cancers? Early signs of gastrointestinal cancers can include unexplained weight loss, persistent abdominal pain or discomfort, changes in bowel habits (such as diarrhoea or constipation), and blood in the stool. Fatigue and loss of appetite are also common. 4. Can cancer cause a bloated stomach? Abdominal bloating and cancer can be related, as tumour growth may cause fluid buildup, intestinal obstruction, or pressure on the digestive organs. Persistent bloating, along with other symptoms, should be evaluated by a doctor to rule out cancer or other serious conditions. 5. Is digestive issues a symptom of cancer? No, digestive issues can be a symptom of cancer, but they can also indicate many other conditions. Digestive issues (Constipation) and cancer may include symptoms such as continuous stomach pain, bloating, or changes in bowel habits. It's important to consult a healthcare professional for a proper diagnosis. 6. Does colorectal cancer cause constipation? Yes, colorectal cancer can cause constipation, particularly when a tumour obstructs the colon or rectum. This can make it difficult for stool to pass, leading to infrequent or painful bowel movements. WRAPPING UP Constipation is often considered a minor issue, but it can sometimes indicate more serious conditions, such as colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic, or stomach cancer. If constipation persists with symptoms like unexplained weight loss, abdominal bloating, or changes in bowel habits, it's essential to consult a doctor. Early diagnosis is important for effective treatment, so don’t ignore any concerning signs. Taking care of your gut health and being aware of potential symptoms can help you spot issues early and protect your overall well-being. Always prioritise your health and seek medical advice when needed. YOU CAN READ MORE ABOUT CONSTIPATION HERE 1. Medications causing constipation [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/gastroenterology/medications-causing-constipation] 2. Home remedies for constipation [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/gastroenterology/10-home-remedies-to-relieve-constipation] 3. How to ease constipation with easy diet changes [https://www.mrmed.in/health-library/gastroenterology/diet-plan-for-constipation-how-to-control] REFERENCES 1. Mugie SM, Benninga MA, Di Lorenzo C. Epidemiology of constipation in children and adults: a systematic review. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21382575/ [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21382575/] 2. Staller K, Olén O, Söderling J, Roelstraete B, Törnblom H, Song M, Ludvigsson JF. Chronic Constipation as a Risk Factor for Colorectal Cancer: Results From a Nationwide, Case-Control Study. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9018894/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9018894/] 3. Wickham RJ. Managing Constipation in Adults With Cancer. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5995490/ [https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5995490/] 4. Etiological factors of constipation in the elderly, with emphasis on functional causes https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-17/volume-17-issue-8/article11.html [https://www.emro.who.int/emhj-volume-17/volume-17-issue-8/article11.html]

Dr Deva Prasath S